Nearly 10 months later, on January 21, 1924, he passed away in the village now known as Gorki Leninskiye. While his comrades believed that the power must reside with the bourgeoisie, Lenin passionately distrusted that segment of the population. The situation was heightened on January 9, 1905, when a group of unarmed workers in St. Petersburg took their concerns directly to the city’s palace to submit a petition to Emperor Nicholas II. The owner of Foxwood, the large, unkempt farm adjacent to Manor Farm. In 1917, a tired, hungry and war-weary Russia deposed the tsars. Meanwhile, Lenin and the party demanded peace, land, and bread—immediately, without further delay. It required several weeks of sedulous persuasion by Lenin before he won the Bolshevik Party Central Committee to his view. But the Russia he presided over was reeling from the bloody civil war he’d helped instigate. But Lenin was far from satisfied. Lenin and his closest lieutenants hastened home after the German authorities agreed to permit their passage through Germany to neutral Sweden. The more significant and more tragic situation came in 1887, when Lenin’s older brother, Aleksandr, a university student at the time, was arrested and executed for being a part of a group planning to assassinate Emperor Alexander III. A painting of Lenin consoling his mother after the execution of his brother. From 1918 to 1920 Russia was torn by a Civil War, which cost millions of lives and untold destruction. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Created by workers, soldiers, and peasants and excluding the propertied classes, the soviets infinitely surpassed the most democratic of parliaments in democracy, because parliaments everywhere virtually excluded workers and peasants. Although the Petrograd Soviet had been the sole political power recognized by the revolutionary workers and soldiers in March 1917, its leaders had hastily turned full power over to the Provisional Government. In fact, all of Lenin’s siblings would take part to some degree in revolutionary activities. Similar soviets of workers’ deputies sprang up in all the major cities and towns throughout the country, as did soviets of soldiers’ deputies and of peasants’ deputies. Increasingly, he saw a party and government that had strayed far from its revolutionary goals. Vladimir Putin served as president of Russia from 2000 to 2008 and was re-elected to the presidency in 2012. They won, and announced that Russia was a socialist country. In March 1921 the government introduced the New Economic Policy, which ended the system of grain requisitioning and permitted the peasant to sell his harvest on an open market. After a number of defeats put a strain on the country’s domestic budget, citizens from all walks of life began to vocalize their discontent over the country’s political structure and called for reform. He was exiled and later assassinated by Soviet agents. Most consider him the dominant figure of the Russian Revolution. Lenin, now hiding in Petrograd and fearful of further procrastination, desperately pressed the Central Committee to fix an early date for the uprising. Sometimes the Bolshevik Revolution is referred to as the October Revolution. Peter the Great was a Russian czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation. As in April, Lenin again found himself in the party minority. Now steps to enlist the support of soldiers and sailors and to train the Red Guards, the Bolshevik-led workers’ militia, for an armed takeover proceeded openly under the guise of self-defense of the Petrograd Soviet. Communist Leon Trotsky helped ignite the Russian Revolution of 1917, and built the Red Army afterward. In his first aim he largely succeeded. Instead, he argued, a real and complete revolution, one that could lead to the Socialist Revolution that could spread outside of Russia, must be led by the workers, the country’s proletariat. Lenin insisted that the terms, however ruinous and humiliating, must be accepted or he would resign from the government. They imposed ruinous conditions that would strip away from Soviet Russia the western tier of non-Russian nations of the old Russian Empire. After she and her family were executed, rumors claimed that she might have survived. Following his release from exile and then a stint in Munich, where Lenin and others co-founded a newspaper, Iskra, to unify Russian and European Marxists, he returned to St. Petersburg and stepped up his leadership role in the revolutionary movement. Initially, Lenin’s fellow Bolsheviks thought that he was temporarily disoriented by the complexity of the situation; moderate Socialists thought him mad. Aleksandr’s involvement in oppositional politics was not an isolated incident in Lenin’s family. That determination hardened when, in 1918, Lenin’s government repudiated repayments of all foreign loans obtained by the tsarist and Provisional governments and nationalized foreign properties in Russia without compensation. As always, his mind stayed focus on revolutionary politics. In August 1918 an assassin fired two bullets into Lenin as he left a factory in which he had just delivered a speech. The October Revolution 17m. On March 10, 1923, Lenin’s health was dealt another severe blow when he suffered an additional stroke, this one taking away his ability to speak and concluding his political work. He was born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov on April 22, 1870, in Simbirsk, Russia, which was later renamed Ulyanovsk in his honor. Ivan the Terrible was the first tsar of all Russia. Collectivization 19m. Berlin hoped that the return of anti-war Socialists to Russia would undermine the Russian war effort. Widespread strikes in cities and in rural sections of the country broke out, threatening the stability of Lenin’s government. The opportune moment might be lost. Left Communists fanatically opposed acceptance and preached a revolutionary war, even if it imperilled the Soviet government. What is more, it had turned openly counterrevolutionary in the month of July when it accused the Bolshevik leaders of treason. In early 1923 he issued what came to be called as his Testament, in which a regretful Lenin expressed remorse over the dictatorial power that dominated Soviet government. In 1904 Russia went to war with Japan. But Brest-Litovsk only intensified the determination of counterrevolutionary forces and the Allies who supported them to bring about the overthrow of the Soviet government. But for nearly a month Lenin’s forceful urgings from afar were unsuccessful. This would constitute a second revolution. Two situations, in particular, shaped his life. And the government should establish tight controls over privately owned industry to the benefit of labour. This government’s accession to power was made possible only by the assent of the Petrograd Soviet, a council of workers’ deputies elected in the factories of the capital. They were met by security forces, who fired on the group, killing and wounding hundreds. The delegates therefore voted overwhelmingly to accept full power and elected Lenin as chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, the new Soviet Government, and approved his Peace Decree and Land Decree. Lenin … Indeed, his perceptive, skillful policy on the national question enabled Soviet Russia to avoid total disintegration and to remain a huge multinational state. They must above all accept the soviet form of government, not a parliamentary one; they refused. A soviet government, once established, should begin immediate negotiations for a general peace on all fronts. The April Party Conference endorsed his program: the party must withhold support from the Provisional Government and win a majority in the soviets in favour of soviet power. Sometimes this takeover is called the October Revolution or the Bolshevik Revolution. The year of his brother’s execution, Lenin enrolled at Kazan University to study law. by Nikolai Chernyshevsky, which tells the tale of a character named Rakhmetov, who carries a single-minded devotion to revolutionary politics. His time there was cut short, however, when, during his first term, he was expelled for taking part in a student demonstration. But the Russian Revolution had brought forth something new, the soviets. His defeat of an opposition that wished to keep Russia tethered to Europe’s capitalist system, ushered in an era of international retreat for the Lenin-led government. “It makes one’s head spin,” he confessed. by MM Apr 13, 2020. In 1990, to protect his fragile mother from a fatal shock after a long coma, a young man must keep her from learning that her beloved nation of East Germany as she knew it has disappeared. Consequences of the Revolution 16m. Only the Left SR’s agreed, and several were included in the Soviet government. Challenges of the Revolution of 1905 and World War I. But in the week of March 8–15, the starving, freezing, war-weary workers and soldiers of Petrograd (until 1914, St. Petersburg) succeeded in deposing the Tsar. The brochure, though never completed and often dismissed as Lenin’s most “Utopian” work, nevertheless served as Lenin’s doctrinal springboard to power. He resorted to a desperate stratagem. The One-Party State 16m. Three years of civil war followed. This introduced what Lenin called the period of “dual power.” Under the leadership of “opportunist” Socialists, the soviets, the real power, had relinquished power to the Provisional Government, the nominal power in the land. Book edited by Gastón Espinosa, Columbia University Press, chapter 10, p. 370 (Lenin in a letter to Maxim Gorky in January 1913), 2009. He caused the formation and guided the strategy of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, commanded by Trotsky. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. He launched what came to be known as the Red Terror, a vicious campaign Lenin used to eliminate the opposition within the civilian population. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! At the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903, a forceful Lenin argued for a streamlined party leadership community, one that would lead a network of lower party organizations and their workers. The fighting would continue until a 1912 party conference in Prague, when Lenin formally split to create a new, separate entity. By September they voted in a Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet and in the soviets of the major cities and towns throughout the country. He expounded this view most trenchantly in his brochure The State and Revolution, written while he was still in hiding. Lenin died during the Soviet Union’s early years, leaving Trotsky (Snowball) and Stalin (Napoleon) to vie for his leadership position. Lenin established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and he was the leader of the new government. The soviets should forthwith confiscate landlords’ estates without compensation, nationalize all land, and divide it among the peasants. Although later Bolshevik propaganda portrayed the attack as a savage battle, it was relatively bloodless. Their struggles against what Lenin saw as a class-biased legal system only reinforced his Marxist beliefs. Threatened by mass peasant rebellion, Lenin called a retreat. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. https://www.biography.com/political-figure/vladimir-lenin. The Soviet government faced tremendous odds. Likewise, when the freely elected Constituent Assembly met in January 1918, the Mensheviks and Right SR majority flatly rejected sovietism. Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union for more than two decades, instituting a reign of death and terror while modernizing Russia and helping to defeat Nazism. Widely considered one of the most influential and controversial political figures of the 20th century, Vladimir Lenin engineered the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917 and later took over as the first leader of the newly formed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The main leaders of the Bolsheviks were Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Leon Trotsky. Vladimir Lenin - Vladimir Lenin - Leadership in the Russian Revolution: By 1917 it seemed to Lenin that the war would never end and that the prospect of revolution was rapidly receding. The choice before Russia in early September 1917, as Lenin saw it, was either a soviet republic—a dictatorship of the propertyless majority—or a parliamentary republic—as he saw it, a dictatorship of the propertied minority. His championing of the peasants’ demand that they take all the land from the gentry, church, and crown without compensation won over the peasants, without whose support the government could not survive. Only a soviet government—that is, direct rule by workers, soldiers, and peasants—could fulfill these demands. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is widely considered the most popular Russian composer in history. It is clearer than clear that now, already, putting off the insurrection is equivalent to its death. With his father already dead, Lenin now became the man of the family. But preparations moved haltingly, because serious opposition to the fateful decision persisted in the Central Committee. Lenin, who had gone underground in July after he had been accused as a “German agent” by Kerensky’s government, now decided that the time was ripe to seize power. In October, Lenin secretly returned to Petrograd, and on November 7, the Bolshevik-led Red Guards deposed the Provisional Government and proclaimed soviet rule. In late 1917 Lenin led what was soon to be known as the October Revolution, but was essentially a coup d’état. But, so long as the government did not suppress the revolutionary parties, this revolution could be achieved peacefully, since the Provisional Government existed only by the sufferance of the soviets. The work did not go unnoticed, and in December 1895 Lenin and several other Marxist leaders were arrested. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. The first was a Decree on Land , which declared that the landed estates of the aristocracy and the Orthodox Church should be nationalised and redistributed to peasants by local governments. After Lenin died in 1924, Stalin consolidated power and forced Trotsky out. From the moment Lenin came to power, his abiding aims in international relations were twofold: to prevent the formation of an imperialist united front against Soviet Russia; but, even more important, to stimulate proletarian revolutions abroad. This constituted a partial retreat to capitalism. By this time the Bolsheviks, with their allies among the Left SR’s (dissidents who broke with the pro-Kerensky SR leaders), constituted an absolute majority of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets. In 1901, he adopted the last name Lenin while doing underground party work. Vladimir Lenin addressing the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, November 8 [October 26, Old Style], 1917. During World War I Lenin went into exile again, this time taking up residence in Switzerland. Three years of civil war followed. On 24th October, 1917, Lenin wrote a letter to the members of the Central Committee: "The situation is utterly critical. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Trotsky, headed the Petrograd Soviet and other Soviets all over Russia in a revolution against Kerensky's government, which was known as the October Revolution. He moved to the city of Samara, where his client base was largely composed of Russian peasants. He was the posthumous source of "Leninism," the doctrine codified and conjoined with Marx's works by Lenin’s successors to form Marxism-Leninism, which became the Communist worldview. Famine and poverty shaped much of society. Hoping to placate his citizens, the emperor issued his October Manifesto, offering up several political concessions, most notably the creation of an elected legislative assembly known as the Duma. Lenin therefore raised the slogan, “All power to the Soviets!”, even though he had willingly conceded in the spring of 1917 that revolutionary Russia was the “freest of all the belligerent countries.” To Lenin, however, the Provisional Government was merely a “dictatorship of the bourgeoisie” that kept Russia in the imperialist war. Despite the peasants’ detestation of the Soviet’s grain requisitioning, the peasants, when forced to choose between Reds and Whites, chose the Reds. As 1917 progressed the PG lost credibility, the soviet joined it but lost credibility, and extreme socialists under Lenin were able to ride a new revolution in October and take power. But the kind of country he hoped to lead never came to fruition. Soberly, he steered the Soviet government toward the consolidation of its power and negotiations for peace. One hundred years ago, in wartime Petrograd, Russian radicals known as the Bolsheviks carried out “the Great October Socialist Revolution.”On the night of October 24, 1917, Bolshevik Red Guards began to take control of key points in the Russian capital—railway stations, telegraph offices, and government buildings. The anti-Soviet forces, or Whites, headed mainly by former tsarist generals and admirals, fought desperately to overthrow the Red regime. Revolution as bourgeois; hence, they believed that the new regime should be headed by leaders of the bourgeois parties. The anti-Soviet forces headed mainly by former tsarist generals and admirals, fought desperately to overthrow Lenin’s Red regime. One of the earliest victims was Lenin himself. He previously served as Russia's prime minister. Many peasants resisted—at least until they experienced White “liberation.” On the territories that the Whites won, they restored landed property to the previous owners and savagely punished the peasants who had dared seize the land. It was largely because of Lenin’s inspired leadership that the Soviet government managed to survive against such military odds. Lenin quickly returned home and, perhaps sensing his own path to power, quickly denounced the country’s newly formed Provisional Government, which had been assembled by a group of leaders of the bourgeois liberal parties. Around October 20, Lenin, in disguise and at considerable personal risk, slipped into Petrograd and attended a secret meeting of the Bolshevik Central Committee held on the evening of October 23. But in the week of March 8–15, the starving, freezing, war-weary workers and soldiers of Petrograd (until 1914, St. Petersburg) succeeded in deposing the Tsar. Anastasia was the daughter of the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II. The Bolsheviks, Lenin exhorted, must persuade the workers, peasants, and soldiers, temporarily deceived by the “opportunists,” to retrieve state power for the soviets from the Provisional Government. The Allies refused to recognize the Soviet government; consequently it entered alone into peace negotiations with the Central Powers (Germany and her allies Austro-Hungary and Turkey) at the town of Brest-Litovsk. From the Mensheviks’ point of view, however, Lenin’s ideas really paved the way for a one-man dictatorship over the people he claimed he wanted to empower. In time, Lenin focused more of his energy on revolutionary politics. In both spheres, Lenin was plagued by breaks within the ranks of Bolshevik leaders. During this period he wrote and published Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916), a defining work for the future leader, in which he argued that war was the natural result of international capitalism. 48 Copy quote There are decades where nothing happens; and there are weeks where decades happen. The issues centered around party structure and the driving forces of a revolution to fully seize control of Russia. The crisis set the stage for what would be called the Russian Revolution of 1905. His family was well-educated, and Lenin, the third of six children, was close to his parents and siblings. In 1924, shortly after his death, Soviet Russia had won de jure recognition of all the major world powers except the United States. Lenin also soaked up the writing of Karl Marx, the German philosopher whose famous book Das Kapital would have a huge impact on Lenin’s thinking. Vladimir Lenin founded the Russian Communist Party, led the Bolshevik Revolution and was the architect of the Soviet state. Watch "Vladimir Lenin: Voice of Revolution" on HISTORY Vault. Because of the breakdown of the economy, however, Lenin adopted a policy toward the peasant that threatened to destroy the Soviet government. Determined to win at any cost, Lenin showed himself to be ruthless in his push to secure power. Overnight, Lenin had vaulted from his hideout as a fugitive to head the Revolutionary government of the largest country in the world. Pilkington. The first came when Lenin was a boy and his father, an inspector of schools, was threatened with early retirement by a suspicious government nervous about the influence public school had on Russian society. Vladimir Lenin was founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and architect and first head of the Soviet state. His recovery only reinforced his larger-than-life presence among his countrymen, though his health was never truly the same. The October Revolution saw Vladimir Lenin’s Bolsheviks seize power at the expense of more moderate social democrats and conservative “Whites.” Russia’s former allies, who were still fighting in World War I , soon identified the Bolsheviks as a threat equal to that of Germany , and they dispatched troops to Russia . The defenders of the Palace – Cossacks, a women’s battalion and military cadets … Emboldened, Lenin ordered an assault on the Winter Palace on the night of October 25. With his health in obvious decline, Lenin turned his thoughts to how the newly formed USSR would be governed after he was gone. Activities Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) was the founder and ideological mentor of the Bolshevik movement, the leader of the October Revolution and the first ruler of Soviet Russia. On his return to Russia, Lenin electrified his own comrades, most of whom accepted the authority of the Provisional Government. His parents, both educated and highly cultured, invoked a passion for learning in their children, especially Vladimir. Moreover, the Whites were lavishly supplied by the Allies with materiel, money, and support troops that secured White bases. Out of the revolution was born the Provisional Government, formed by a group of leaders of the bourgeois liberal parties. It was incapable of satisfying the most profound desires of the workers, soldiers, and peasants for immediate peace and division of landed estates among the peasants. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! “Give us an organization of revolutionaries,” Lenin said, “and we will overturn Russia!”. We strive for accuracy and fairness. But above all it was his political leadership that saved the day for the Soviets. Kerensky, in turn, claimed that only a freely elected constituent assembly would have the power to decide Russia’s political future—but that must await the return of order. Although the economy had collapsed, he managed to mobilize sufficient resources to sustain the Red Army and the industrial workers. His fiancée and future wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, joined him. Since his youth he had spent his life building a party that would win such a victory, and now at the age of 47 he and his party had triumphed. ... that was well documented from the time of Lenin to that of Putin. In 1921, Lenin now faced the same kind of peasant uprising he’d ridden to power. Increasing war-weariness and the breakdown of the economy overtaxed the patience of the workers, peasants, and soldiers, who demanded immediate and fundamental change. Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd in Moscow. In a testament to his standing in Russian society, his corpse was embalmed and placed in a mausoleum on Moscow’s Red Square. Not until after a heated 10-hour debate did he finally win a majority in favour of preparing an armed takeover. In November, Lenin was chosen as its leader. Lenin arrived in Petrograd on April 16, 1917, one month after the Tsar had been forced to abdicate. Despite the breadth of the opposition, Lenin came out victorious. Lenin’s call was soon supported by events on the ground. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. There, Lenin immersed himself in a host of radical literature, including the novel What Is To Be Done? Lenin without hesitation ordered the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly. He left Samara in the mid-1890s for a new life in St. Petersburg, the Russian capital at the time. They now totally refused to surrender their grain to the government. In late 1917 Lenin led what was soon to be known as the October Revolution, but was essentially a coup d’état. But not all of life was easy for Lenin and his family. The Bolshevik line won increasing support among the workers, soldiers, and peasants. With Daniel Brühl, Katrin Saß, Chulpan Khamatova, Florian Lukas. The Lenin-led Soviet government faced incredible odds. There, Lenin connected with other like-minded Marxists and began to take an increasingly active role in their activities. Exiled to his grandfather’s estate in the village of Kokushkino, Lenin took up residence with his sister Anna, whom police had ordered to live there as a result of her own suspicious activities. Economy, society, & culture of the 1920s 17m. Lenin suffered a stroke in May 1922, and then a second one in December of that year. From March to September 1917, the Bolsheviks remained a minority in the soviets. On November 7 and 8, the Bolshevik-led Red Guards and revolutionary soldiers and sailors, meeting only slight resistance, deposed the Provisional Government and proclaimed that state power had passed into the hands of the Soviets. From late September, Lenin, a fugitive in Finland, sent a stream of articles and letters to Petrograd feverishly exhorting the Party Central Committee to organize an armed uprising without delay. —Lenin's political programme, October 1917 Upon taking power, Lenin's regime issued a series of decrees. The Petrograd Soviet was headed by a majority composed of Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionary (SR), or peasant party, leaders who regarded the March (February, O.S.) Industrialization 16m. The party must immediately begin preparations for an armed uprising to depose the Provisional Government and transfer state power to the soviets, now headed by a Bolshevik majority. Directed by Wolfgang Becker. 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